Clasificación de riesgo y tiempo puerta-antibiótico en pacientes con sospecha de sepsis / Risk classification and door-to-antibiotic time in patients with suspected sepsis / Classificação de risco e tempo porta-antibiótico no paciente com suspeita de sepse

Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre la clasificación de riesgo y el tiempo puerta-antibiótico en pacientes con sospecha de sepsis. Método: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, con una muestra de 232 pacientes con sospecha de sepsis atendidos en el departamento de emergencias. Se dividieron en 2 grupos: con y sin clasificación de riesgo. Una vez identificado el tiempo puerta-antibiótico, se realizó un análisis de varianza de un factor con la prueba post hoc de Bonferroni o la prueba t de Student independiente para variables cuantitativas continuas; pruebas de correlación de Pearson, correlación biserial puntual o correlación biserial para análisis de asociación; y procedimiento de bootstrap cuando no había distribución normal de variables. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: el tiempo puerta-antibiótico no difirió entre el grupo que recibió clasificación de riesgo en comparación con el que no fue clasificado. El tiempo puerta-antibiótico fue significativamente más corto en el grupo que recibió una clasificación de riesgo de alta prioridad. Conclusión: no hubo asociación entre el tiempo puerta-antibiótico y si se realizó o no la clasificación de riesgo, ni con la hospitalización en enfermería y en unidad de cuidados intensivos, ni con la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Se observó que cuanto mayor era la prioridad, más corto era el tiempo puerta-antibiótico.

Objective: to evaluate the association between risk classification and door-to-antibiotic time in patients with suspected sepsis. Method: retrospective cohort study, with a sample of 232 patients with suspected sepsis treated at the emergency department. They were divided into 2 groups: with and without risk classification. Once the door-to-antibiotic time was identified, one-way analysis of variance was performed with Bonferroni post hoc test or independent Student's t-test for continuous quantitative variables; Pearson correlation tests, point-biserial correlation or biserial correlation for association analyses; and bootstrap procedure when there was no normal distribution of variables. For data analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used. Results: the door-to-antibiotic time did not differ between the group that received risk classification compared to the one that was not classified. Door-to-antibiotic time was significantly shorter in the group that received a high priority risk classification. Conclusion: there was no association between door-to-antibiotic time and whether or not the risk classification was performed, nor with hospitalization in infirmaries and intensive care units, or with the length of hospital stay. It was observed that the higher the priority, the shorter the door-to-antibiotic time.

Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre a realização de classificação de risco e o tempo porta-antibiótico no paciente com suspeita de sepse. Método: estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com amostra de 232 pacientes com suspeita de sepse atendidos no pronto atendimento. Foram distribuídos em 2 grupos: com e sem classificação de risco. Identificado o tempo porta-antibiótico, realizou-se análise de variância de um fator com post hoc de Bonferroni ou teste T-Student independente para variáveis quantitativas contínuas; testes de correlação de Pearson, correlação bisserial por pontos ou correlação bisserial para análises de associação; e procedimento de bootstrap quando não havia distribuição normal de variáveis. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: o tempo porta-antibiótico não diferiu entre o grupo que recebeu classificação de risco comparado ao que não foi classificado. O tempo porta-antibiótico foi significativamente menor no grupo que recebeu classificação de risco de alta prioridade. Conclusão: não houve associação entre o tempo porta-antibiótico e a realização ou não da classificação de risco, tampouco com internação em enfermaria e em unidade de terapia intensiva, ou com o tempo de internação hospitalar. Observou-se que quanto maior a prioridade, menor o tempo porta-antibiótico.

Restrição do movimento da coluna: uma análise do conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem / Restricted movement of the spine: an analysis of the knowledge of nursing professionals / Restricción del movimiento de la columna vertebral: un análisis del conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento de profissionais de enfermagem sobre restrição do movimento da coluna em vítimas de trauma e descrever a tomada de decisão. Método: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, quali-quantitativo. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com 27 profissionais de enfermagem de serviços de emergência hospitalar e pré-hospitalar em São Leopoldo, Brasil, em março de 2022. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Resultados: 48% dos profissionais tinham conhecimento quanto às recomendações atuais; a maioria atuantes no pré-hospitalar. A cervicalgia/lombalgia foi a indicação predominante. Na categoria "a tomada de decisão e a transição do cuidado", identificou-se falta de padronização nas condutas do intra-hospitalar, enfatizando a importância da sequência no atendimento e confiança entre profissionais. Considerações finais: Identificou-se pouca apropriação das equipes do intra-hospitalar sobre as atuais evidências, falta de padronização nas condutas e dificuldades na transição do cuidado entre os serviços.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze nursing professionals' knowledge about restricting spinal movement in trauma victims and describe their decision-making. Method: An exploratory, descriptive, qualitative-quantitative study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 27 nursing professionals from hospital and pre-hospital emergency services in São Leopoldo, Brazil, in March 2022. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: 48% of the professionals knew the current recommendations; most worked in pre-hospital care. Cervicalgia/lumbago was the predominant indication. In the category "decision making and the transition of care", a lack of standardization in in-hospital conduct was identified, emphasizing the importance of sequence in care and trust between professionals. Final considerations: It was found that in-hospital teams had little knowledge of the current evidence, a lack of standardization in procedures, and difficulties in the transition of care between services.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la restricción del movimiento de la columna vertebral en víctimas de traumatismos y describir su toma de decisiones. Método: Un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, cualitativo-cuantitativo. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 27 profesionales de enfermería de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios y prehospitalarios de São Leopoldo, Brasil, en marzo de 2022. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis de contenido. Resultados: El 48% de los profesionales conocía las recomendaciones actuales; la mayoría de ellos trabajaba en atención prehospitalaria. La cervicalgia/lumbago fue la indicación predominante. En la categoría "toma de decisiones y transición de los cuidados", se detectó una falta de normalización en la conducta intrahospitalaria, lo que subraya la importancia de la secuencia en los cuidados y la confianza entre los profesionales. Consideraciones finales: Se identificó que los equipos intrahospitalarios tenían escaso conocimiento de las evidencias actuales, que había una falta de normalización en los procedimientos y dificultades en la transición de la atención entre los servicios.

A avaliação e registo da dor no serviço de urgência: um estudo transversal

Resumo: Introdução: A dor constitui-se como o principal motivo de procura de cuidados de saúde no serviço de urgência. Os enfermeiros têm um papel essencial na promoção e intervenção no controlo da dor dado serem profissionais com uma relação privilegiada com as pessoas. Objetivo: Descrever como foi avaliada e registada a dor na área de ambulatório de um serviço de urgência geral pela equipa de enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. Foram analisados os registos de avaliação da dor de 105 pessoas. Procedeu-se à análise dos dados utilizando estatística descritiva. Resultados: A dor foi avaliada em 53 episódios (50,48 %). A Escala de Avaliação Numérica foi o instrumento mais utilizado (43,81 %). As características da dor foram descritas em 39,05 % dos episódios. Em 1,90 % dos episódios houve registo de reavaliação da dor após implementação de medidas farmacológicas. Conclusão: A avaliação da dor foi subnotificada nas diferentes dimensões descritas no estudo. Neste sentido, torna-se essencial a definição de estratégias para a formação e treino dos enfermeiros sobre avaliação da dor.

Resumen: Introducción: El dolor es el principal motivo de búsqueda de atención sanitaria en un servicio de urgencias. Las enfermeras tienen un papel crucial en la promoción e intervención en el control del dolor, ya que son profesionales con una relación privilegiada con las personas. Objetivo: Describir cómo el equipo de enfermería valoró y registró el dolor en el área de menores de un servicio de Urgencias. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se analizaron los registros de valoración del dolor de 105 personas. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El dolor fue evaluado en 53 episodios (50,48 %). La Escala Numérica fue el instrumento más utilizado (43,81 %). Las características del dolor se describieron en el 39,05 % de los episodios. En el 1,90 % de las crisis se registró una reevaluación del dolor tras la aplicación de medidas farmacológicas. Conclusiones: La evaluación del dolor fue subestimada en las dimensiones presentadas en el estudio. Por ello, es imprescindible definir estrategias para la educación y formación de las enfermeras en la valoración del dolor.

Abstract: Introduction: Pain is the main reason for seeking healthcare in an emergency service. Nurses have a crucial role in promoting and intervening in pain control as they are professionals with a privileged relationship with people. Objective: Describe how the nursing team assessed and recorded pain in the minor's area of an Accident and Emergency service. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The pain assessment records of 105 people were analyzed. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Results: Pain was assessed in 53 episodes (50.48 %). The Numerical Rating Scale was the most used instrument (43.81 %). The characteristics of pain were described in 39.05 % of the episodes. In 1.90 % of the attacks, there was a record of pain reassessment after implementing pharmacological measures. Conclusion: Pain assessment was underreported in the different dimensions described in the study. Thus, it is essential to define strategies for the education and training of nurses on pain assessment.

Fluxos de atendimento em um centro obstétrico frente à pandemia da covid-19: relato de experiência / Flujos de atención en un centro obstétrico frente a la pandemia de covid-19: relato de experiencia / Flows of care in an obstetric center in the face of the covid-19 pandemic: experience report

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar o desenvolvimento e implementação de fluxos para atendimento de gestantes com suspeita ou confirmação de COVID-19 no Centro Obstétrico de um hospital público. Método: estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado em um hospital público de Porto Alegre/RS, referência para atendimento de gestantes com COVID-19. Resultados: descreveram-se fluxos para atendimento à gestante com suspeita ou confirmação de COVID-19 nas seguintes situações: acolhimento e classificação de risco em obstetrícia; indução e/ou trabalho de parto ativo; e cirurgia cesariana. A aplicação dos fluxos descritos possibilitou a organização assistencial e contribuiu para a investigação e diagnóstico precoce de COVID-19, bem como para o controle da transmissão dessa doença em ambiente hospitalar. Considerações finais: a elaboração de fluxos para atendimento de gestantes, no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, é demanda primordial para os serviços de saúde, a fim de organizar e qualificar a assistência, promovendo práticas baseadas em evidências científicas e evitando intervenções e restrições desnecessárias.

RESUMEN Objetivo: relatar el desarrollo y la implementación de flujos para la atención a las gestantes con sospecha o confirmación de COVID-19 en el Centro Obstétrico de un hospital público. Método: estudio descriptivo, del tipo relato de experiencia, realizado en un hospital público de Porto Alegre/RS-Brasil, referencia para atención de gestantes con COVID-19. Resultados: se describieron flujos para la atención a la gestante con sospecha o confirmación de COVID-19 en las siguientes situaciones: acogida y clasificación de riesgo en obstetricia; inducción y/o trabajo de parto activo; y cirugía cesárea. La aplicación de los flujos descriptos posibilitó la organización asistencial y contribuyó para la investigación y el diagnóstico precoz de COVID-19, así como para el control de la transmisión de esta enfermedad en ambiente hospitalario. Consideraciones finales: la elaboración de flujos para la atención de gestantes, en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, es demanda primordial para los servicios de salud, a fin de organizar y calificar la asistencia, promoviendo prácticas basadas en evidencias científicas, evitando intervenciones y restricciones innecesarias.

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the development and implementation of flows to care for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 at the Obstetric Center of a public hospital. Method: a descriptive study, of the experience report type, carried out in a public hospital in Porto Alegre/RS, a reference for the care of pregnant women with COVID-19. Results: flows to care for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were described in the following situations: reception and risk classification in obstetrics; induction and/or active childbirth; and cesarean surgery. The application of the described flows made it possible to organize assistance and contributed to the investigation and early diagnosis of COVID-19, as well as to control the transmission of this disease in a hospital environment. Final considerations: the elaboration of flows for the care of pregnant women, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, is a primary demand for health services, in order to organize and qualify the assistance, promoting practices based on scientific evidence and avoiding unnecessary interventions and restrictions.

Damage Control in Penetrating Liver Trauma: Fear of the Unknown / Control de Daños en Trauma Hepático Penetrante: El Miedo a Lo Desconocido

Abstract The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. Management of penetrating liver trauma is a challenge for surgeons but with the introduction of the concept of damage control surgery accompanied by significant technological advancements in radiologic imaging and endovascular techniques, the focus on treatment has changed significantly. The use of immediately accessible computed tomography as an integral tool for trauma evaluations for the precise staging of liver trauma has significantly increased the incidence of conservative non-operative management in hemodynamically stable trauma victims with liver injuries. However, complex liver injuries accompanied by hemodynamic instability are still associated with high mortality rates due to ongoing hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to perform an extensive review of the literature and to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury, via an expert consensus. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients. To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver.

Resumen El hígado es el órgano solido más comúnmente lesionado en casos de trauma abdominal. El manejo del trauma penetrante hepático es un dilema para los cirujanos. Sin embargo, con la introducción del concepto de la cirugía de control de daños y los avances tecnológicos en imagenología y técnicas endovasculares han permitido que el enfoque del tratamiento cambie. La disponibilidad inmediata de la tomografía computarizada permite estadificar el grado de la lesión e incrementar la posibilidad de un manejo conservador en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con trauma hepático. El trauma hepático severo que se asocia con inestabilidad hemodinámica tiene una alta mortalidad debido a la hemorragia activa. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un algoritmo de manejo producto de un consenso de expertos acerca del abordaje de los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con trauma hepático penetrante. El manejo debe ser por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario que comienza desde la evaluación inicial de los pacientes, la activación temprana de protocolo de transfusión masiva y el control temprano de la hemorragia, siendo estos aspectos esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad. El miedo a lo desconocido es el dilema quirúrgico donde existen pocas opciones y es imperante decisiones rápidas y oportunas; por esta razón, se propone dar una luz de guía sobre lo desconocido respecto al manejo del paciente con trauma hepático severo.

Análise cognitiva das representações sociais de profissionais da emergência hospitalar sobre suicídio / Cognitive analysis of the social representations of suicide among hospital emergency professionals / Análisis cognitivo de las representaciones sociales de los profesionales de emergencias hospitalarias sobre el suicidio

OBJETIVO: analisar os conteúdos constitutivos das representações sociais do suicídio dos profissionais de saúde do setor de pronto atendimento por meio de uma análise da rede cognitiva. MÉTODO: estudo baseado na Teoria das Representações Sociais realizado com 104 profissionais de pronto-socorro de um hospital na Bahia, Brasil. A técnica de associação livre de palavras foi realizada com o termo suicídio, gerando uma rede semântica analisada pelo modelo de redes cognitivas. RESULTADOS: a rede foi composta por 42 vértices (palavras evocadas pelos profissionais) e 273 arestas (conexões entre palavras), com um grau médio de 13. A estrutura representacional foi formada por quatro dimensões (biológica, afetivo-psicológica , social e religiosa) que explicavam a interface entre os termos primários (ie, núcleo central) de "desespero", "depressão", "doença", "tristeza", "morte", "ausência de Deus" e "fragilidade familiar" E os termos secundários (ie, periferia) "solidão","falta de amor", "fraqueza", "sofrimento emocional", "frustração", "conflito", "solução", "erro", "medo", "não aceitação", "ansiedade", "falta de controle" e "morte". CONCLUSÃO: apesar da presença de aspectos reducionistas, a estrutura representacional criada pelos profissionais de saúde do hospital investigado transmitiu o significado e a imagem do suicídio em suas multidimensões, favorecendo mudanças nas práticas para melhorar a compreensão do suicídio.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the constitutive contents of the social representations of suicide by health professionals in the emergency department through an analysis of the cognitive network. METHOD: study based on the Theory of Social Representations carried out with 104 emergency room professionals from a hospital in Bahia, Brazil. A free word association task was conducted using the term suicide enabling the creation of a semantic network that was analyzed using the Cognitive Network Analysis model. RESULTS: this network was composed of 42 vertices (i.e., words evoked by the professionals) and 273 edges (i.e., connections between words), with a mean degree of 13. The representational structure was formed by four dimensions (biological, affective-psychological, social, and religious) that explained the interface between the primary (i.e., central core) terms "despair," "depression," "disease," "sadness," "death," "absence of God," and "family fragility" and the secondary (i.e., periphery) terms "loneliness," "lack of love," "weakness," "emotional distress," "frustration," "conflict," "solution," "mistake," "fear," "non-acceptance," "anxiety," "lack of control," and "kill." CONCLUSION: despite the presence of reductionist aspects, the representational structure created by the healthcare professionals of the investigated hospital conveyed the meaning and image of suicide across its multidimensional aspects, favoring changes in individual and collective practices to improve the understanding of suicide.

OBJETIVO: analizar los contenidos constitutivos de las representaciones sociales del suicidio por parte de los profesionales de la salud en el servicio de urgencias a través de un análisis de la red cognitiva. MÉTODO: estudio basado en la Teoría de las representaciones sociales realizado con 104 profesionales de la sala de emergencias de un hospital en Bahía, Brasil. La técnica de asociación de palabras libres se realizó con el término suicidio, generando una red semántica analizada por el modelo de red cognitiva. RESULTADOS: la red estaba compuesta por 42 vértices (palabras evocadas por profesionales) y 273 aristas (conexiones entre palabras), con una calificación promedio de 13. La estructura de representación estaba formada por (biológica, afectivo-psicológica, social y religiosa) eso explicaba la interfaz entre los términos principales (es decir, núcleo) de "desesperación", "depresión", "enfermedad", "tristeza", "muerte", "ausencia de Dios" y "fragilidad familiar" Y los términos secundarios (es decir, periferia) "soledad", "falta de amor", "debilidad", "sufrimiento emocional", "frustración", "conflicto", "solución", "error", "miedo", "no aceptación", "ansiedad", "Falta de control "y" muerte ". CONCLUSIÓN: a pesar de la presencia de aspectos reduccionistas, la estructura de representación creada por los profesionales de la salud del hospital investigado.

Resultados adversos de admissões tardias à unidade de terapia intensiva a partir do pronto-socorro / Adverse outcomes of delayed intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o impacto da transferência tardia do pronto-socorro para a unidade de terapia intensiva no tempo de permanência na unidade e na ocorrência de óbitos. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte prospectiva foi conduzido em um hospital acadêmico terciário, com obtenção dos dados de 1.913 pacientes admitidos ao pronto-socorro com solicitação documentada de admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva. Os pacientes admitidos diretamente para a unidade de terapia intensiva médico-cirúrgica (n = 209) foram categorizados em tercis segundo o tempo de espera para admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva (Grupo 1: menos de 637 minutos; Grupo 2: entre 637 e 1.602 minutos, e Grupo 3: acima de 1.602 minutos). Os pacientes que permaneceram na unidade de terapia intensiva por mais de 3,2 dias (tempo mediano de tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva para todos os pacientes) foram considerados como tempo prolongado de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: Foram tratados no pronto-socorro durante o período do estudo 6.176 pacientes, dentre os quais 1.913 (31%) necessitaram de um leito na unidade de terapia intensiva. O tempo mediano de permanência no pronto-socorro foi de 17 horas (9 - 33 horas). Hospitalização por infecção/sepse foi preditor independente para tempo prolongado de permanência na unidade (RC: 2,75; IC95% 1,38 - 5,48, p = 0,004), porém o tempo de espera para admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva não. A taxa de mortalidade foi mais elevada no Grupo 3 (38%) do que no Grupo 1 (31%), porém a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: A admissão tardia à unidade de terapia intensiva a partir do pronto-socorro não resultou em aumento do tempo de permanência ou da mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the impact of delayed transfer from the emergency room into the intensive care unit on the length of intensive care unit stay and death. Methods: This prospective, cohort study performed in a tertiary academic hospital obtained data from 1913 patients admitted to the emergency room with a documented request for admission into the intensive care unit. The patients admitted directly into the medical-surgical intensive care unit (n = 209) were categorized into tertiles according to their waiting time for intensive care unit admission (Group 1: < 637 min, Group 2: 637 to 1602 min, and Group 3: > 1602 min). Patients who stayed in the intensive care unit for longer than 3.2 days (median time of intensive care unit length of stay of all patients) were considered as having a prolonged intensive care unit stay. Results: A total of 6,176 patients were treated in the emergency room during the study period, among whom 1,913 (31%) required a bed in the intensive care unit. The median length of stay in the emergency room was 17 hours [9 to 33 hours]. Hospitalization for infection/sepsis was an independent predictor of prolonged intensive care unit stay (OR 2.75 95%CI 1.38 - 5.48, p = 0.004), but waiting time for intensive care unit admission was not. The mortality rate was higher in Group 3 (38%) than in Group 1 (31%) but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Delayed admission into the intensive care unit from the emergency room did not result in an increased intensive care unit stay or mortality.

Machine Learning and Initial Nursing Assessment-Based Triage System for Emergency Department / 대한의료정보학회지

Perfil dos casos de queimadura atendidos em serviços hospitalares de urgência e emergência nas capitais brasileiras em 2017 / Profile of cases due to burn attended in emergency care units in Brazilian capitals in 2017

RESUMO: Objetivos: Definir o perfil das vítimas de queimadura atendidas nos serviços de emergência e identificar possíveis associações entre as variáveis investigadas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com base nos dados do inquérito "Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes em Unidades Sentinelas de Urgência e Emergência", de 2017. Procedeu-se à análise descritiva segundo características demográficas e aspectos relativos ao acidente por queimadura, bem como à técnica de análise de correspondência, que permitiu verificar possíveis associações entre as variáveis investigadas. Resultados: Os casos de queimadura foram mais frequentes: em adultos com idade entre 20 e 39 anos (40,7%); em homens (57%); no domicílio (67,7%); em decorrência do manuseio de substâncias quentes (52%). Acidentes no domicílio foram mais frequentes nas faixas etárias de 0 a 15 anos (92%) e idosos (84,4%) e em mulheres (81,6%). Acidentes no comércio, serviços e indústria acometeram indivíduos com idades entre 16 e 59 anos (73,6%). O encaminhamento para outros hospitais esteve associado aos casos ocorridos em idosos e a internação aos eventos que acometeram indivíduos na faixa de 0 a 15 anos de idade. Eventos na população em idade produtiva apresentaram associação com o uso de álcool e o local de trabalho. Entre as mulheres, sugere-se associação dos acidentes com o domicílio e substâncias quentes. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de ações orientadas no campo da educação em saúde, bem como da regulamentação e da fiscalização trabalhistas.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To describe the profile of burn victims attended in emergency services and to identify associations between the variables investigated. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2017 survey "Surveillance of violence and accidents in emergency units". We used descriptive analysis, according to demographic characteristics and aspects related to the burn injury, as well as the correspondence analysis technique, which allowed to verify possible associations between the variables investigated. Results: Burns were more frequent: in adults aged between 20 and 39 years (40.7%); in men (57.0%); in the household (67.7%); due to hot substances (52.0%). Household accidents were more frequent in the age group 0-15 years (92.0%) and elderly (84.4%), and in women (81.6%). Accidents in commerce, services and industry affected individuals aged 16 to 59 years (73.6%). Referral to other hospitals was associated with cases in the elderly and hospitalization with the cases in individuals aged between 0 and 15 years old. Events in the working age population were associated with alcohol use and the workplace. Among women, it is suggested to associate burn accidents with household and hot substances. Conclusions: The results point to the need for oriented actions in the field of health education, as well as labor regulation and supervision.

Os médicos e a gestão do cuidado em serviços hospitalares de emergência: poder profissional ameaçado? / Physicians and management of emergency hospitals: professional power threatened? / Los médicos y la gestión del cuidado en servicios hospitalarios de urgencia: ¿un poder profesional amenazado?

Resumo: O Kanban é um arranjo tecnológico de organização do cuidado hospitalar orientado para a gestão de leitos e da clínica, que visa à qualidade e integralidade da assistência, maior rotatividade dos leitos, com consequente redução do tempo de internação e custos hospitalares. O constante e atualizado acompanhamento do paciente, compartilhado pela equipe profissional em reuniões sistemáticas é seu elemento mais marcante e inovador. O objetivo foi caracterizar os prováveis impactos da adoção de tal arranjo no poder profissional (autonomia e autoridade) dos médicos. Estudo qualitativo em hospital de urgência-emergência municipal com uso das seguintes técnicas de produção de dados: etnografia do cotidiano do hospital, com observação e registro em diários de campo, e realização de seminários compartilhados entre pesquisadores e equipes. Os médicos valorizam o trabalho multiprofissional como um qualificador de sua prática, em uma linha auxiliar e complementar. Acresce que o Kanban tende a ser controlado por "híbridos" (médicos que acumulam funções gerenciais e clínicas) que traduzem sinergias entre "gestão clínica" e "gestão de leitos". Assim, interferências no trabalho dos médicos não são exercidas de fora, e as suas decisões clínicas continuam a condicionar o trabalho dos demais grupos profissionais. Os médicos não percebem sua autoridade e autonomia ameaçadas pelo Kanban, dada a articulação entre a autoridade administrativa e a autoridade profissional. Contudo, aspectos relacionados à hibridização e estratificação interna da profissão médica precisam ser mais convocados para o debate do poder profissional em saúde.

Abstract: Kanban is a technical arrangement for the organization of hospital care focused on the management of beds and clinical care, aimed at the quality and comprehensiveness of care and greater hospital bed turnover, and thus a reduction in length-of-stay and hospital costs. The system's most striking and innovative feature is constant, updated patient follow-up, shared by the professional team in systematic meetings. Characterize the probable impacts from the arrangement's adoption on physicians' professional power (autonomy and authority). Qualitative study in a municipal urgency-emergency hospital using the following data production techniques: ethnography of the hospital's routine, with observation and records in field diaries, and shared seminars with researchers and teams. Physicians value multi-professional work for qualifying their practice, as an ancillary and complementary line. Kanban tends to be controlled by "hybrids" (physicians who accumulate management and clinical functions) that express synergies between "clinical management" and "hospital bed management". Thus, in this arrangement interferences in physicians' work are not exercised from outside, and physicians' clinical decisions still condition the work of the other professional groups. Physicians do not see their authority and autonomy threatened by Kanban, given the linkage between management authority and professional authority. Still, aspects related to hybridization and internal stratification of the medical profession need to be better addressed in the debate on health professionals' power.

Resumen: El Kanban es una solución tecnológica para la organización del cuidado hospitalario, orientada a la gestión de camas y apartado clínico, que tiene como meta la calidad e integralidad de la asistencia, una mayor rotatividad de las camas, con la consecuente reducción del tiempo de internamiento y costes hospitalarios. El seguimiento constante y actualizado del paciente, compartido por un equipo profesional en reuniones sistemáticas, es su característica más destacable e innovadora. Caracterizar los probables impactos en la adopción de tal solución tecnológica, respecto al poder profesional (autonomía y autoridad) de los médicos. Estudio cualitativo en un hospital de urgencias municipal, mediante el uso de las siguientes técnicas de producción de datos: etnografía del día a día del hospital, con observación y registro en diarios de campo, así como la realización de seminarios compartidos entre investigadores y equipos. Los médicos valoran el trabajo multiprofesional como un elemento que cualifica en su práctica, dentro de una línea auxiliar y complementaria. Añade que el Kanban tiende a estar controlado por "híbridos" (médicos que acumulan funciones de gerencia y clínicas) que se traducen en sinergias entre "gestión clínica" y "gestión de camas". De esta forma, las interferencias en el trabajo de los médicos no se ejercen a partir de fuera y sus decisiones clínicas continúan condicionando el trabajo de los demás grupos profesionales. Los médicos no perciben que su autoridad y autonomía estén amenazadas por el Kanban, dada la coordinación entre la autoridad administrativa y la autoridad profesional. No obstante, los aspectos relacionados con la hibridización y estratificación interna de la profesión médica necesitan ser estudiados más para los debates sobre el poder profesional en salud.

Evaluation of the clinicai analysis service provided to an emergency department / Avaliação do serviço de análises clínicas prestado a uma unidade de emergência

ABSTRACT Introduction: Time for releasing test results and critical value communication by the clinical laboratory are considered important determinants of patients' length of stay in the Emergency Department (ED). As well as physician satisfaction, they are used as quality indicators of the Clinical Analysis Service (CAS). Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the time to return a test result, the communication of critical values and the level of satisfaction of the ED physicians of a university hospital with the CAS. Material and methods: A physician satisfaction survey was conducted using a questionnaire. The test turnaround time for emergency requests was analyzed by observation of the pre-analytical phase and monitoring the analytical and post-analytical phases through the laboratory information system. In order to evaluate the communication of critical values by the CAS, a document analysis of the process was performed. Results: Physicians' overall satisfaction with the CAS was considered average. Greater satisfaction was observed with reliability of the results and the staff courtesy and lesser with the delivery time of results. The test turnaround time exceeded clinicians' expectations and the average described in the literature. No experience with critical-value communication was perceived. Conclusion: The results show several opportunities for progress in the relationship between ED and CAS. The improvement of laboratory quality indicators also depends on the involvement of ED physicians and nurses and embraces monitoring, planning, education and investment in system computerization.

RESUMEN Introducción: El tiempo de entrega de pruebas y la comunicación de valores críticos por el laboratorio clínico son considerados factores determinantes del tiempo de permanencia del paciente en la Sección de Urgencias (SU). Por lo tanto, así como la satisfacción de los médicos, estos datos también son utilizados como indicadores de calidad del Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (SAC). Objetivo: Evaluar el tiempo de entrega de pruebas, la comunicación de valores críticos y el grado de satisfacción de los médicos de la SU de un hospital universitario con el SAC. Material y método: Se realizó una encuesta de satisfacción de los médicos, utilizando un cuestionario. El tiempo de reporte de resultados en la SU ha sido analizado por medio de observación presencial de la fase preanalítica y monitoreo en el sistema computorizado de las fases analítica y postanalítica del laboratorio. Para evaluar la comunicación de valores críticos por el SAC, un análisis documental del proceso ha sido realizado. Resultados: La satisfacción general con el SAC fue considerada regular por los médicos participantes; hubo mayor satisfacción con la confianza en los resultados y con la atención del personal, y menor con el tiempo de entrega de resultados. Los tiempos de reporte han sido más largos que las expectativas de los médicosy la media descripta en la literatura. No se ha observado una cultura de comunicación de valores críticos. Conclusión: Los resultados han ensenado varias oportunidades deprogreso en la relación entre SUy SAC. La mejoría de los indicadores de calidad de laboratorio evaluados depende también del envolvimiento de los médicos y enfermeros del SU e incluye monitoreo, planeamiento, educación e investimento en informatización del sistema.

RESUMO Introdução: O tempo de liberação de exames e a comunicação de valores críticos pelo laboratório clínico são considerados importantes determinantes do tempo de permanência do paciente no Serviço de Emergência (SE). Portanto, assim como a satisfação dos médicos, esses dados também são utilizados como indicadores de qualidade do Serviço de Análises Clínicas (SACL). Objetivo: Avaliar o tempo de liberação de exames, a comunicação de valores críticos e o nível de satisfação dos médicos do SE de um hospital universitário em relação ao SACL. Material e métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa de satisfação dos médicos, utilizando um questionário. O tempo de liberação dos resultados de exames de emergência foi analisado por meio de observação presencial da fase pré-analítica e monitoramento no sistema informatizado das fases analítica e pós-analítica do laboratório. Para avaliar a comunicação de valores críticos pelo SACL, foi realizada análise documental do processo. Resultados: A satisfação geral com o SACL foi considerada regular pelos médicos participantes, com maior satisfação quanto à confiança nos resultados e à cortesia dos servidores e menor quanto ao tempo de entrega de resultados. Os tempos de liberação de resultados dos exames ultrapassaram as expectativas dos médicos e a média descrita na literatura. Não foi observada cultura de comunicação de valores críticos. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram várias oportunidades de progresso na relação entre o SE e o SACL. A melhoria dos indicadores da qualidade laboratorial avaliados depende também do envolvimento dos médicos e dos enfermeiros do SE e inclui monitoramento, planejamento, educação e investimento em informatização do sistema.

Evaluation of Validity of the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the predictive validity of the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS). METHODS: This methodological study used data from National Emergency Department Information System for 2016. The KTAS disposition and emergency treatment results for emergency patients aged 15 years and older were analyzed to evaluate its predictive validity through its sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. RESULTS: In case of death in the emergency department, or where the intensive care unit admission was considered an emergency, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the KTAS were 0.916, 0.581, 0.097, and 0.993, respectively. In case of death in the emergency department, or where the intensive or non-intensive care unit admission was considered an emergency, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.700, 0.642, 0.391, and 0.867, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the KTAS had high sensitivity but low specificity. It is necessary to constantly review and revise the KTAS level classification because it still results in a few errors of under and over-triage. Nevertheless, this study is meaningful in that it was an evaluation of the KTAS for the total cases of adult patients who sought help at regional and local emergency medical centers in 2016.

Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Korean Triage and Acuity Scale Level in Emergency Department Patients / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Triage is a process to accurately assess and classify symptoms to identify and provide rapid treatment to patients. The Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) is used as a triage instrument in all emergency centers. The aim of this study was to train and compare machine learning models to predict KTAS levels. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data from a single emergency department of a tertiary university hospital. Information collected during triage was used in the analysis. Logistic regression, random forest, and XGBoost were used to predict the KTAS level. RESULTS: The models with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were the random forest and XGBoost models trained on the entire dataset (AUROC = 0.922, 95% confidence interval 0.917–0.925 and AUROC = 0.922, 95% confidence interval 0.918–0.925, respectively). The AUROC of the models trained on the clinical data was higher than that of models trained on text data only, but the models trained on all variables had the highest AUROC among similar machine learning models. CONCLUSIONS: Machine learning can robustly predict the KTAS level at triage, which may have many possibilities for use, and the addition of text data improves the predictive performance compared to that achieved by using structured data alone.

Association between Weekend Admission and In-hospital Mortality among Cardiovascular Patients in Korea / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: Weekend admission is known for having association with increased mortality attributed by poor quality of care and severe patients. We investigated the association between hospital admission on weekends and the in-hospital mortality rates of patients with cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we examined this association stratified by admission via emergency room or not. METHODS: We analyzed claim data provided by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment in 2013. In total, 80,817 cardiovascular patients were included in this study, which treated in-hospital mortality (early and during total length of stay) as a dependent variable. A generalized linear mixed effects model was used. We conducted subgroup analyses stratified by admission via emergency room or not. RESULTS: Patients who admitted on weekend showed higher in-hospital mortality both early (odds ratio [OR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–1.78) and during total length of stay (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02–1.33) compared to those admitted on weekdays. Patients who were admitted to the hospital on a weekend by emergency room were more likely to experience early in-hospital mortality compared to those admitted on weekdays. Furthermore, we found that patients not admitted to the hospital through the emergency department were more likely to experience both early and total length of stay in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Our study shows higher in-hospital mortality rates for cardiovascular patients admitted on weekends. Efforts to improve the quality of care on weekend are important to mitigate the ‘weekend effect’ and improve patient outcomes.

Low-dose intravenous ketamine versus intravenous ketorolac in pain control in patients with acute renal colic in an emergency setting: a double-blind randomized clinical trial / 대한통증학회지

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of low-dose ketamine versus ketorolac in pain control in patients with acute renal colic presenting to the emergency department (ED). METHODS: This is a double-blind randomized clinical trial. The initial pain severity was assessed using the numerical rating scale (NRS). Then, ketamine or ketorolac was administered intravenously at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg and 30 mg respectively. The pain severity and adverse drug reactions were recorded 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min thereafter. RESULTS: The data of 62 subjects in the ketamine group and 64 patients in the ketorolac group were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 34.2 ± 9.9 and 37.9 ± 10.6 years in the ketamine and ketorolac group, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean NRS scores at each time point, except for the 5 min, between the two groups. Despite a marked decrease in pain severity in the ketamine group from drug administration at the 5 min, a slight increase in pain was observed from the 5 min to the 15 min. The rate of adverse drug reactions, including dizziness (P = 0.001), agitation (P = 0.002), increased systolic blood pressure (> 140 mmHg), and diastolic blood pressure (> 90 mmHg) was higher in the ketamine group. CONCLUSIONS: Low dose ketamine is as effective as ketorolac in pain management in patients with renal colic presenting to the ED. However, it is associated with a higher rate of adverse drug reactions.

Design and construction of an intelligent pre-hospital emergency synergy system / 中华医院管理杂志

As a key part of the emergency medical system, pre-hospital emergency service proves critical for critical care, higher pre-hospital care success rate, improvement of patient outcome, and promotion of health recovery. This paper analyzed the status quo of pre-hospital emergency services information, discussed the application of information technology in pre-hospital industries including command and dispatch system, ambulance real-time positioning and tracking system, pre-hospital emergency video surveillance system, medical record system, electronic patient health file system, electronic payment system, and data mining and analysis system.Furthermore, it also discussed the prospect of sizably upgrading pre-hospital emergency service and building intelligent pre-hospital emergency coordination system.

Design and construction of an intelligent pre-hospital emergency synergy system / 中华医院管理杂志

As a key part of the emergency medical system,pre-hospital emergency service proves critical for critical care,higher pre-hospital care success rate,improvement of patient outcome,and promotion of health recovery.This paper analyzed the status quo of pre-hospital emergency services information,discussed the application of information technology in pre-hospital industries including command and dispatch system,ambulance real-time positioning and tracking system,pre-hospital emergency video surveillance system,medical record system,electronic patient health file system,electronic payment system,and data mining and analysis system.Furthermore,it also discussed the prospect of sizably upgrading prehospital emergency service and building intelligent pre-hospital emergency coordination system.

Usefulness of combined chest and abdominal computed tomography for identification of infection sources in febrile patients without clinical clue

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the utility of combined chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) for the identification of infection sources in acute febrile patients without clinical clues. The groups for whom combined CT was helpful and not were compared. In addition, the factors that affected the positive infection sources and predictors of the presence of infection sources when performing combined CT was investigated. METHODS: Acute febrile patients without clinical clues from a basic examination and the confirmation procedure were investigated prospectively for 6 months. A range of factors, such as demographic factors, duration of fever, vital signs, presence of prior medical treatment, inflammatory markers, and several sepsis prediction tools, were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 87 patients, 32 (36.8%) tested positive for infection sources on combined CT, whereas 55 (63.2%) tested negative. The mean age, heart rate, procalcitonin (PCT) level, and proportion of the patients aged ≥65 years showed significant differences between the infection source-positive group and infection source-negative group (P=0.027, P=0.008, P=0.035, and P=0.026, respectively). The factors that affected the positive results for infection sources on combined CT included age (odds ratio [OR], 1.047; P=0.011), absence of chronic disease (OR, 0.157; P=0.045), and heart rate (OR, 1.056; P=0.030). Analysis of the receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that age (area under the curve [AUC], 0.630; P=0.041) and heart rate (AUC, 0.659; P=0.008) were significant predictive factors of positive results for infection sources. On the other hand, their predictive powers were poor, and PCT did not show a significant result (AUC, 0.565; P=0.351). CONCLUSION: In patients with underlying chronic disease, older age, increased heart rate due to fever, or a high PCT level, combined CT can be used to identify infection sources when its possible clinical benefits are considered to be high.

Comparison of outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with AutoPulse and LUCAS in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patient

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with AutoPulse and LUCAS in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. METHODS: Between July 2017 and March 2018, a total of 152 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients were included for analysis. Included patients were divided into an AutoPulse group and LUCAS group. Patient's age, sex, bystander CPR, witness arrest, initial shockable rhythm, time from arrest to CPR, pre-hospital CPR duration, in-hospital CPR duration, automatic external defibrillator operation by paramedic, intubation by paramedic, intravenous line access by paramedic and target temperature management were reviewed retrospectively. In addition, blood pH, lactate level, white blood cell (WBC) count, and delta neutrophil index (DNI) were analyzed. Additionally, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, complications from chest compressions, and cerebral performance category (CPC) scale at discharge were analyzed. RESULTS: No differences in initial shockable rhythm, patient characteristics, management for patients and CPR duration were observed between the two groups. ROSC were significantly higher in the LUCAS group than the AutoPulse group (17.9 vs. 34.7%, P=0.025). However, hospital and ICU length of stay, CPC scale at discharge as clinical outcome and pH, lactate level, WBC count, and DNI as laboratory outcomes were not significantly different between the AutoPulse group and LUCAS group. Although the case numbers were scarce, complications from chest compressions were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: CPR using LUCAS showed better ROSC than CPR using AutoPulse. However, hospital and ICU length of stay and CPC scale at discharge did not differ between the two groups.

Seasonal distribution of ocular conditions treated at the emergency room: a 1-year prospective study / Distribuição sazonal e causas de admissão em pronto atendimento oftalmológico - um estudo prospectivo de 1 ano

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the clinical characteristics and seasonal distribution of patients admitted to the ocular emergency department of a tertiary ophthalmology care center. Methods: The study cohort includes 27,120 patients who were admitted to ocular emergency room between November 2013 and November 2014. The age, sex, reason for admission, diagnosis, and complete ocular examination reports were recorded for each patient. X-ray and ultrasonographic examinations were performed if necessary. Results: The mean patient age was 32.83 ± 17.62 years (range, 0-95). The number of males was nearly two times the number of females, with 18,808 (69.4%) males and 8312 (30.6%) females. The diagnoses included viral conjunctivitis (7,859 patients; 29.0%), corneal foreign body (5,286 patients; 19.5%), bacterial conjunctivitis (3,892 patients; 14.4%), corneal abrasions (2,306 patients; 8.5%), and allergic conjunctivitis (1,433 patients; 5.3%) (Table 1). Other frequent diagnoses included subconjunctival hemorrhage, photo keratopathy, chemical eye injury, and penetrating and blunt eye injuries. Allergic conjunctivitis, ocular trauma, and corneal foreign body were more frequent in spring, whereas keratitis and chemical eye injury were more common in winter (chi-square test). The most common reasons for emergency room admission, in order of frequency, were viral conjunctivitis, corneal foreign body, bacterial conjunctivitis, and corneal abrasions. Conclusion: This study is the first long-term prospective study to evaluate the seasonal distribution and diagnosis of all adult and pediatric patients admitted to the emergency room for ocular conditions. The frequency of ophthalmological conditions seen in the emergency room may vary according to the season.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar as características clínicas e a distribuição sazonal dos pacientes admitidos no departamento de emergências oculares de um centro terciário de cuidados oftalmológicos. Métodos: Um total de 27.120 pacientes, admitidos no pronto atendimento ocular entre novembro de 2013 e novembro de 2014, foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo. Idade, gênero, causa da admissão, diagnóstico e relatórios completos dos exames oculares dos pacientes foram registrados e exames de raios X e de ultrassonografia foram realizados quando necessários. Resultados: A idade média do paciente foi de 32,83 ± 17,62 anos (intervalo, 0-95). O número de homens era quase duas vezes maior que o número de mulheres, com 18.808 (69,4%) do sexo masculino e 8.312 (30,6%) do sexo feminino. Os diagnósticos incluíram conjuntivite viral (7.859 pacientes, 29,0%), corpo estranho corneano (5.286 pacientes, 19,5%), conjuntivite bacteriana (3.892 pacientes, 14,4%), abrasões corneanas (2.306 pacientes, 8,5%) e conjuntivite alérgica (1.433 pacientes, 5,3%) (Tabela 1). Outros diagnósticos freqüentes incluíram hemorragia subconjuntival, queratopatia fotográfica, lesões oculares químicas e lesões oculares penetrantes e contundentes. A conjuntivite alérgica, o trauma ocular e o corpo estranho da córnea foram mais frequentes na primavera, enquanto que a queratite e lesões oculares químicas foram mais comuns no inverno (teste qui-quadrado). Os motivos mais comuns para a admissão na sala de emergência, em ordem de frequência, foram conjuntivite viral, corpo estranho da córnea, conjuntivite bacteriana e abrasões da córnea. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo prospectivo de longa duração avaliando as causas e a distribuição sazonal de todos os casos de admissão em um pronto atendimento oftalmológico para pacientes em idade adulta ou pediátrica. A frequência das causas de encaminhamento ao pronto atendimento pode variar em função da estação do ano.